Industrial chemicals · Taylor, TXTechnical Data Sheet
Hydrochloric Acid 31% ACS Grade
ACS · 31%
- CAS number
- 7647-01-0
- UN number
- UN1789
- Hazard class · packing group
- 8 · PG II
- Structure
Structure · PubChem - Grade
- ACS · 31%
- Signal word
- Danger
- Hazards
- Proper shipping name
- Hydrochloric acid
Identity & Composition
- Product Name
- Hydrochloric Acid 31% ACS Grade
- Alliance Code
- hydrochloric-acid-31-acs-grade
- Grade
- ACS
- Concentration
- 31%
- CAS Number
- 7647-01-0Adjudicated
- Formula
- ClHAdjudicated
- Molecular Weight
- 36.46Adjudicated
- Product Type
- Solution
Specifications
| Test | Specification | Typical | Method | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assay (HCl) | 30.5 - 31.5 % | 30.85 % | — | Interpreted |
| Ammonium (NH4) | 2.5 ppm max | 0.21 ppm | — | Interpreted |
| Arsenic (As) | 0.0084 ppm max | 0.0017 ppm | — | Interpreted |
| Bromide (Br) | 0.0042% max | 0.00085 % | — | Interpreted |
| Extractable organic substances | 4.2 ppm max | 0.44 ppm | — | Interpreted |
| Free chlorine (Cl) | 0.84 ppm max | 0.118 ppm | — | Interpreted |
| Heavy metals (as Pb) | 0.84 ppm max | 0.067 ppm | — | Interpreted |
| Iron (Fe) | 0.17 ppm max | 0.026 ppm | — | Interpreted |
| Residue after ignition | 4.5 ppm max | 0.59 ppm | — | Interpreted |
| Sulfate (SO4) | 1 ppm max | 0.23 ppm | — | Interpreted |
| Sulfite (SO3) | 0.84 ppm max | 0.034 ppm | — | Interpreted |
| Color (APHA) | 10 max | 1 | — | Interpreted |
| Composition | 31 % hydrochloric acid in deionized water, by weight | Conforms | By formulation; confirmed by specific gravity | Interpreted |
Values are reproduced from the current product reference. Source labels do not by themselves establish a supplier guarantee or a test result for your lot. Confirm applicable acceptance limits and request lot-specific documentation.
Available GradesSame CAS, alternate grades and concentrations
| Grade | Concentration | Typical Assay | SKU | TDS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| This grade ACS | 31% | — | current | current |
| ACS Reagent | 37% | — | hydrochloric-acid-37-acs-reagent-grade | View TDS → |
| Technical Grade | 37% | — | hydrochloric-acid-37-hcl-37-technical-grade | View TDS → |
| Technical Grade | 31% | — | hydrochloric-acid-31-technical-grade | View TDS → |
| ACS | 25% | — | hydrochloric-acid-25-acs-grade | View TDS → |
| Technical | 25% | — | hydrochloric-acid-25-technical-grade | View TDS → |
| ACS | 20% | — | hydrochloric-acid-20-acs-grade | View TDS → |
| Technical | 20% | — | hydrochloric-acid-20-technical-grade | View TDS → |
| Technical Grade | 15% | — | hydrochloric-acid-15-technical-grade | View TDS → |
| ACS | 10% | — | hydrochloric-acid-10-acs-grade | View TDS → |
| Technical | 10% | — | hydrochloric-acid-10-technical-grade | View TDS → |
| ACS | 5% | — | hydrochloric-acid-5-acs-grade | View TDS → |
| Technical Grade | 5% | — | hydrochloric-acid-5-technical-grade | View TDS → |
Typical assay shown is the rolling-window mean from the sibling product's most recent lots. Grade selection drives downstream end-use — verify the sibling grade matches your specification before substitution.
Physical & Chemical Properties
| Property | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | Clear, colorless to slightly yellow liquid | Adjudicated |
| Form | Liquid | Published reference |
| Odor | Pungent, acrid odor | Adjudicated |
| pH | < 1 | Adjudicated |
| Specific Gravity | 1.155–1.162 (water = 1) | Adjudicated |
| Density | 1.15-1.16 g/cm³ (31%, 20°C) | Published reference |
| Boiling Point | ~85-90 °C (fumes) | Adjudicated |
| Melting Point | -46.9 °C (-52.5 °F), freezing point | Adjudicated |
| Flash Point | Not flammable | Published reference |
| Vapor Pressure | 35–40 mmHg at 30 °C (86 °F) | Adjudicated |
| Vapor Density | 1.27 (air = 1) | Adjudicated |
| Solubility (water) | Completely miscible with water | Adjudicated |
| Viscosity | 1.55 mPa·s at 30 °C | Adjudicated |
Strong acid — density and vapor-pressure values shown are at 20 °C; values shift markedly with concentration and temperature. Reference concentration-temperature curves before specifying equipment.
Property Curves
Source: Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook (31% reference)
Source: Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook (31% reference)
Reference curves drawn from public engineering data. For engineering use, consult the cited source for the underlying tabulated values.
Materials of Construction
| Material | Rating | Conditions | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rubber-lined steel (rubber lining) | Compatible | 20° Bé muriatic acid, 31.45 wt.% min HCl; bulk tank car and tank truck service | oxychem.com |
Compatibility is drawn from published manufacturer and supplier documentation for this product; each rating is sourced. Confirm against your specific duty cycle before equipment selection.
Regulatory & Transport
DOT / 49 CFR
- UN Number
- UN1789Adjudicated
- Hazard Class
- 8Adjudicated
- Packing Group
- IIAdjudicated
- Proper Shipping Name
- Hydrochloric acidAdjudicated
GHS / OSHA HCS 2024
- Signal Word
- DangerAdjudicated
- H-Codes (Hazard Statements)
- H290, H314, H335Adjudicated
- P-Codes (Precautionary Statements)
- P234, P260, P261, P264, P271, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P363, P390, P403+P233, P405, P406, P501Adjudicated
Occupational Exposure Limits
- OSHA PEL (29 CFR 1910.1000)
- 5 ppm ceilingOSHA 29 CFR 1910.1000
- ACGIH TLV
- 2 ppm CeilingAdjudicated
- NIOSH REL
- 5 ppm ceilingNIOSH Pocket Guide
- NIOSH IDLH
- 50 ppmNIOSH Pocket Guide
Transport descriptions reflect 49 CFR 172.101 lookup at time of publication. Sourced data: NIOSH Pocket Guide for REL/IDLH, OSHA Z-Tables for PEL. Always verify against the latest regulatory text before shipment-critical decisions.
Health & Fire Hazard
Acute Toxicology
- LD₅₀ Oral (rat)
- 700 mg/kgAdjudicated
- LC₅₀ Inhalation (rat, 4 h)
- 3124 ppmAdjudicated
Acute toxicology values from SDS Section 11 or NIOSH RTECS.
Supplier Qualification Packet
One zipped download containing the TDS, SDS, latest lot COA (when available), and a fresh Letter of Continuing Guaranty for Hydrochloric Acid 31% ACS Grade. Every file included is SHA-256 hashed and listed in a manifest your QA team can audit.
Applications
- Pickling and metal cleaning agent in metal processing, to remove oxides and scalechemceed.com
- Oil well acidizing — dissolves calcium and magnesium carbonate rock formations to increase permeability and productionchemceed.com
- Beneficiation of ores and rock phosphate; stimulation of oil and gas wells in carbonate and sandstone reservoirsitwreagents.com
- Metallurgical pickling, etching and brazingitwreagents.com
- Removal of calcium carbonate (scale) deposits from equipment and cleaning of boreholes and gravel-pack filters after drillingitwreagents.com
- ACS reagent purity makes it acceptable for analytical applications and research laboratorieslaballey.com
- Batteries, reagent use, descaling agent, reducing agentlaballey.com
- Petroleum well operations, ore reduction, food processing, pH adjustment and general cleaningchemceed.com
- Listed product uses include acid cleaners, boiler water treatment, electroplating, galvanizing, high fructose corn syrup, pH control, rust and scale removers, sugar refining, swimming pool and toilet bowl cleanerchemceed.com
Applications are drawn from published manufacturer and supplier documentation; each is sourced. Suitability for a specific use is the buyer's to confirm.
Storage & Handling
- Recommended Storage
- Store in a cool, well-ventilated area out of direct sunlight in closed, vented, corrosion-resistant containers (polyethylene or glass). Keep away from bleach and other oxidizers, bases and metals.Adjudicated
- Handling Precautions
- Use full PPE including face shield, acid-resistant gloves and apron. Add acid to water slowly with stirring; never reverse. Ventilation required.Class-level guidance — not product-specific; the SDS controls.
- Incompatibilities
- Bases, hydroxides, carbonates, amines and ammonia; oxidizers, including sodium hypochlorite (bleach) (release chlorine gas); most metals and metal oxides, including iron, copper, nickel and aluminum (release flammable hydrogen); cyanides, sulfides and sulfites (release toxic gases); formaldehyde.Adjudicated
- Shelf Life
- Consult Technical Services for product-specific shelf life
For full hazard, PPE, and emergency response guidance, refer to the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product. The SDS controls in all cases where guidance differs.
Packaging & Logistics
Shipping Description (US DOT)
UN1789, Hydrochloric acid, 8, PG II
Sourced from 49 CFR 172.101. Confirm against shipping documents and carrier requirements before tender.
Revision History
| Version | Date | Change | Trigger |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.6 | 2026-10-08 | Canonical data updated: 22 fields changed via the provenance/adjudication pipeline.
| canonical_change |
| 1.5 | 2026-10-07 | Canonical data updated: 3 fields changed via the provenance/adjudication pipeline.
| canonical_change |
| 1.4 | 2026-10-05 | Canonical data updated: 1 field changed via the provenance/adjudication pipeline.
| canonical_change |
| 1.3 | 2026-09-30 | Canonical data updated: 2 fields changed via the provenance/adjudication pipeline.
| canonical_change |
| 1.2 | 2026-08-27 | Canonical data updated: 2 fields changed via the provenance/adjudication pipeline.
| canonical_change |
| 1.1 | 2026-07-22 | Canonical data updated: 1 field changed via the provenance/adjudication pipeline.
| canonical_change |
This Technical Data Sheet is provided for technical reference. The Safety Data Sheet (SDS) controls in all cases where guidance differs. Values reflect Alliance Chemical canonical data at time of generation; subsequent revisions are recorded in the Revision History above.