Industrial chemicals · Taylor, TXTechnical Data Sheet
Hydrochloric Acid 31% ACS Grade
ACS · 31%
Identity & Composition
- Product Name
- Hydrochloric Acid 31% ACS Grade
- Alliance Code
- hydrochloric-acid-31-acs-grade
- Grade
- ACS
- Concentration
- 31%
- CAS Number
- 7647-01-0Adjudicated
- Formula
- ClHAdjudicated
- Molecular Weight
- 36.46Adjudicated
- Product Type
- solution
Specifications
| Test | Specification | Typical | Method | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assay (HCl) | 30.5 - 31.5 % | 31.0 % | — | Interpreted |
| Ammonium (NH4) | 2.5 ppm max | 0.25 ppm | — | Interpreted |
| Arsenic (As) | 0.008 ppm max | 0.0017 ppm | — | Interpreted |
| Bromide (Br) | 0.004 % max | 0.00067 % | — | Interpreted |
| Extractable organic substances | 4 ppm max | 0.34 ppm | — | Interpreted |
| Free chlorine (Cl) | 0.8 ppm max | 0.08 ppm | — | Interpreted |
| Heavy metals (as Pb) | 0.8 ppm max | 0.07 ppm | — | Interpreted |
| Iron (Fe) | 0.17 ppm max | 0.025 ppm | — | Interpreted |
| Residue after ignition | 4 ppm max | 0.50 ppm | — | Interpreted |
| Sulfate (SO4) | 0.8 ppm max | 0.17 ppm | — | Interpreted |
| Sulfite (SO3) | 0.8 ppm max | 0.042 ppm | — | Interpreted |
Specification values are guaranteed limits. Typical values are representative of production lots and are not guaranteed. Lot-specific certificates of analysis ship with every order.
Available GradesSame CAS, alternate grades and concentrations
| Grade | Concentration | Typical Assay | SKU | TDS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| This grade ACS | 31% | — | current | current |
| ACS Reagent | 37% | — | hydrochloric-acid-37-acs-reagent-grade | View TDS → |
| Technical Grade | 37% | — | hydrochloric-acid-37-hcl-37-technical-grade | View TDS → |
| Technical Grade | 31% | — | hydrochloric-acid-31-technical-grade | View TDS → |
| ACS | 25% | — | hydrochloric-acid-25-acs-grade | View TDS → |
| Technical | 25% | — | hydrochloric-acid-25-technical-grade | View TDS → |
| Technical | 20% | — | hydrochloric-acid-20-technical-grade | View TDS → |
| ACS | 15% | — | hydrochloric-acid-15-acs-grade | View TDS → |
| Technical Grade | 15% | — | hydrochloric-acid-15-technical-grade | View TDS → |
| ACS | 10% | — | hydrochloric-acid-10-acs-grade | View TDS → |
| Technical | 10% | — | hydrochloric-acid-10-technical-grade | View TDS → |
| ACS | 5% | — | hydrochloric-acid-5-acs-grade | View TDS → |
| Technical Grade | 5% | — | hydrochloric-acid-5-technical-grade | View TDS → |
Typical assay shown is the rolling-window mean from the sibling product's most recent lots. Grade selection drives downstream end-use — verify the sibling grade matches your specification before substitution.
Physical & Chemical Properties
| Property | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | Clear, colorless to slightly yellow liquid | Published reference |
| Form | Liquid | Published reference |
| Color | 8 max | Interpreted |
| Odor | Pungent, irritating | Published reference |
| pH | <1 | Published reference |
| Specific Gravity (20 °C) | 1.151 - 1.157 | Interpreted |
| Density | 1.15-1.16 g/cm³ (31%, 20°C) | Published reference |
| Boiling Point | ~85-90 °C (fumes) | Published reference |
| Melting Point | < -40 °C | Published reference |
| Flash Point | Not flammable | Published reference |
| Solubility (water) | Miscible with water | Published reference |
Strong acid — density and vapor-pressure values shown are at 20 °C; values shift markedly with concentration and temperature. Reference concentration-temperature curves before specifying equipment.
Property Curves
Source: Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook (31% reference)
Source: Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook (31% reference)
Reference curves drawn from public engineering data. For engineering use, consult the cited source for the underlying tabulated values.
Materials of Construction
| Material | Rating | Conditions | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rubber-lined steel (rubber lining) | Compatible | 20° Bé muriatic acid, 31.45 wt.% min HCl; bulk tank car and tank truck service | oxychem.com |
Compatibility is drawn from published manufacturer and supplier documentation for this product; each rating is sourced. Confirm against your specific duty cycle before equipment selection.
Materials Selection Tool
Showing 17 of 17 materials compatible at the selected envelope.
| Material | Rating | Max T (°C) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
Buna-N (NBR) elastomer | Poor | — | Hardens and cracks; do not use. |
EPDM elastomer | Good | 80 | Standard for HCl and H2SO4 gaskets. |
Viton (FKM) elastomer | Good | 80 | Acceptable for HCl gaskets up to 37 %. |
PTFE fluoropolymer | Excellent | 200 | Universal acid compatibility. |
PVDF (Kynar) fluoropolymer | Excellent | 120 | Excellent for HCl piping at elevated temperature. |
Borosilicate Glass glass ceramic | Excellent | 100 | Inert to most strong acids (avoid HF). |
Glass (borosilicate) glass ceramic | Excellent | 100 | Inert under all conditions |
316 stainless steel metal | Poor | 25 | Severe pitting; use only for vapors |
Aluminium metal | Not recommended | — | Reacts to form H2 gas |
Carbon Steel metal | Not recommended | — | Catastrophic corrosion; never use. |
Hastelloy C-276 metal | Excellent | 80 | Preferred metal for concentrated HCl service. |
Inconel 625 metal | Good | 60 | Acceptable for dilute service |
Tantalum metal | Excellent | 100 | Best-in-class but expensive |
CPVC thermoplastic | Excellent | 90 | Higher-temp variant of PVC. |
FRP (vinyl ester) thermoplastic | Good | 60 | Common bulk-storage tank material |
HDPE thermoplastic | Excellent | 60 | Standard tank/drum material for HCl up to 37 %. |
PVC thermoplastic | Excellent | 60 | Common for piping; verify rating for service > 50 °C. |
Regulatory & Transport
DOT / 49 CFR
- UN Number
- UN1789Adjudicated
- Hazard Class
- 8Adjudicated
- Packing Group
- IIAdjudicated
- Proper Shipping Name
- Hydrochloric acidAdjudicated
GHS / OSHA HazCom 2012
- Signal Word
- DangerAdjudicated
- H-Codes (Hazard Statements)
- H290, H314, H335Adjudicated
- P-Codes (Precautionary Statements)
- P260, P261, P264, P271, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P363, P403+P233, P405, P501Adjudicated
Occupational Exposure Limits
- OSHA PEL (29 CFR 1910.1000)
- —no canonical
- ACGIH TLV
- —no canonical
- NIOSH REL
- 5 ppm ceilingNIOSH Pocket Guide
- NIOSH IDLH
- 50 ppmNIOSH Pocket Guide
Transport descriptions reflect 49 CFR 172.101 lookup at time of publication. Sourced data: ECHA CLP Annex VI for harmonised classifications, NIOSH Pocket Guide for REL/IDLH, OSHA Z-Tables for PEL. Always verify against the latest regulatory text before shipment-critical decisions.
Supplier Qualification Packet
One zipped download containing the TDS, SDS, latest lot COA (when available), and a fresh Letter of Continuing Guaranty for Hydrochloric Acid 31% ACS Grade. Every file included is SHA-256 hashed and listed in a manifest your QA team can audit.
Applications
- Pickling and metal cleaning agent in metal processing, to remove oxides and scalechemceed.com
- Oil well acidizing — dissolves calcium and magnesium carbonate rock formations to increase permeability and productionchemceed.com
- Beneficiation of ores and rock phosphate; stimulation of oil and gas wells in carbonate and sandstone reservoirsitwreagents.com
- Metallurgical pickling, etching and brazingitwreagents.com
- Removal of calcium carbonate (scale) deposits from equipment and cleaning of boreholes and gravel-pack filters after drillingitwreagents.com
- ACS reagent purity makes it acceptable for analytical applications and research laboratorieslaballey.com
- Batteries, reagent use, descaling agent, reducing agentlaballey.com
- Petroleum well operations, ore reduction, food processing, pH adjustment and general cleaningchemceed.com
- Listed product uses include acid cleaners, boiler water treatment, electroplating, galvanizing, high fructose corn syrup, pH control, rust and scale removers, sugar refining, swimming pool and toilet bowl cleanerchemceed.com
Applications are drawn from published manufacturer and supplier documentation; each is sourced. Suitability for a specific use is the buyer's to confirm.
Storage & Handling
- Recommended Storage
- Cool, dry, well-ventilated area in compatible containers (lined steel, HDPE, FRP — verify per concentration). Segregate from bases, oxidizers, metals, and cyanides.Class-level guidance — not product-specific; the SDS controls.
- Handling Precautions
- Use full PPE including face shield, acid-resistant gloves and apron. Add acid to water slowly with stirring; never reverse. Ventilation required.Class-level guidance — not product-specific; the SDS controls.
- Incompatibilities
- Bases, active metals (aluminium, zinc), cyanides, sulfides, oxidizing agents. Reacts violently with organic anhydrides.Class-level guidance — not product-specific; the SDS controls.
- Shelf Life
- Consult Technical Services for product-specific shelf life
For full hazard, PPE, and emergency response guidance, refer to the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product. The SDS controls in all cases where guidance differs.
Packaging & Logistics
Shipping Description (US DOT)
UN1789, Hydrochloric acid, 8, PG II
Sourced from 49 CFR 172.101. Confirm against shipping documents and carrier requirements before tender.
Revision History
| Version | Date | Change | Trigger |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.2 | 2026-08-27 | Canonical data updated: 2 fields changed via the provenance/adjudication pipeline.
| canonical_change |
| 1.1 | 2026-07-22 | Canonical data updated: 1 field changed via the provenance/adjudication pipeline.
| canonical_change |
This Technical Data Sheet is provided for technical reference. The Safety Data Sheet (SDS) controls in all cases where guidance differs. Values reflect Alliance Chemical canonical data at time of generation; subsequent revisions are recorded in the Revision History above.